The first year is the period of fast growth and development in a child's life and when it is more immature and vulnerable. It is therefore especially important to assure adequate food and adequate, with three main objectives to meet their nutritional needs, prevent and / or treat various pathological situations and create good eating habits. Nutritional guidelines are marked by the recommendations and technical reports of the United Nations Organization for Food and Agriculture (FAO), the Nutrition Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition and the European Society of Nutrition and Pediatric Gastroenterology (ESPGAN), and fit into three distinct stages:Period dairy
The milk is their only food, whether human or artificial milk. From birth to 4-6 months. During this period, the infant is able to suck and swallow, but has not yet developed the ability to digest certain proteins and their kidneys are not able to withstand excessive osmolar loads (highly concentrated liquid particulate mineral salts, glucose ...) . The newborn is not born knowing suck but develops this ability in the first 48 hours of life. The sucking reflex is the maximum response at 20-30 minutes after delivery and should be exploited.
Transition period, weaning or Beikost. From the fourth month of life. In this period are introduced nondairy foods wisely, properly prepared in consistency and amount, not to alter the rate of maturation digestive and kidney, as well as the progressive neuromuscular development. This stage should encourage the development of the senses so that you can pass suction bucket, allowing better taste and texture change from liquid to ground, and when they have cutting teeth.
Digestive ripening period
Power must be adapted to the digestive capacity and physiological status and neuromotor development, by introducing foods gradually. The newborn's stomach capacity is 10 to 20 milliliters (mL) and increase during the course of its first year to 200 mL, what will allow the child to make food more abundant and less frequent
Baby Nutrition
Breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding is, or should be, the main source of food at this age, exclusive early because human milk is perfectly suited to the nutritional needs and digestive characteristics of infants until the introduction of food complementary.
Introduction of complementary feeding: Beikost.
Milk as food only after six months does not provide the energy and nutrients it needs from the infant of this age, as well as their digestive functions have matured, new foods to include in your diet, according to regulated standards . It is not justified to introduce new foods before three months, but you should never make it past the six, because the lack of diversification is a frequent cause of loss of appetite, while a time is wasted very valid for education taste and knowledge of basic foods that will allow the baby to adapt to a balanced diet, varied and sufficient.
It has to be replaced, one at a time, feedings the infant received by each member of complementary foods (porridge, fruit, mashed vegetables ...), gradually, at intervals sufficient to the child is accepting new foods, their tolerance testing before introducing a new one and giving time for your body to adapt. This period is very important to allow the amount of food can vary from day to day and week to week, depending on appetite.
Introduction of new foods one by one
Cereals.
Are introduced at 4-6 months. Never before four. First will be to avoid gluten sensitivities and intolerances to this protein (wheat, oats, rye and barley contain gluten, rice and maize, no) and from 7-8 months can be mixed. Cereals contribute to the energy, are a source of protein, minerals, vitamins (especially thiamine), essential fatty acids and carbohydrates slow absorption, thus allowing greater spacing of the shots. However, being a caloric food, there is a risk of overfeeding if abused consumption. To prepare the porridge should be used regular milk and add the cereal needs, keeping the minimum contribution of 500 cc of milk daily. Are less suitable preparations containing cereals and milk origin and is prepared with water as it is more difficult to calculate the amount of milk used.
Fruits.
It will start from 4-6 months with a pureed fruit for its vitamin, never replacing milk-making, but complementing it. You must employ various fruits (orange, apple, pear, grape, plum ...), to educate the taste, and is preferable to avoid the most allergenic like strawberries and peaches. Usually achieved introduced after the acceptance of cereals, although the reverse may be done, and after the first fruit cereals. They should not be sweetened with sugar and biscuits will not be incorporated until after 7 months, as they contain gluten.
Vegetables and potatoes.
Will be introduced from 6 months looking for their contribution of minerals. First broth can be added to the bottle half-day, after pureed vegetables alone, supplemented with milk. Avoid vegetables initially high in nitrites, like beets, spinach, beets and turnips, and opt for potatoes, green beans, zucchini, etc.. to introduce other later. You can add a teaspoon of olive oil to the puree, but never salt. Should be cooked with little water and cooking broth advantage in the remaining part of the dissolved salts. At the beginning, avoid flatulent vegetables (cabbage, cauliflower, turnip) or very aromatic (garlic, asparagus). There have been cases in young children who have consumed vegetables reheated, in which the skin turns blue, because it is affected the transport of oxygen, a bulky box but not serious with proper treatment. There is also risk of this situation occurs if the cooked vegetables are preserved in the refrigerator for more than 48 hours.
Carnes.
Preferably less fat, chicken and starting ever six months, in an amount of 10-15 grams per day and increasing 10-15 grams per month, up to 40 to 50 grams, and mixed with the meat mousse vegetables. Subsequently introduced beef and lamb. They provide high biological value proteins, lipids, iron, zinc and certain vitamins. The viscera (liver, brain, etc..) Have no advantages over the lean and provide excess cholesterol and saturated fat.
Fish.
Never before nine months because of their greater capacity to cause allergy, and if the baby has a family history of food allergy, even last year. After this age, the fish can replace some meat intakes. It is convenient to start with white fish.
Eggs.
Never raw. Be introduced first cooked yolk on the ninth month; initially quarter, the following week and half whole month, added to mashed noon to take the whole egg (with clear) to twelve months. You can replace meat, taking 2-3 units a week. The yolk is a good source fats, essential fatty acids, vitamin A, D and iron. The clear mainly provides high biological value proteins, but among them is ovalbumin, with great potential to cause allergies.
Pulses.
Added to mashed vegetables from 18 months. If mixed with rice or other grains, meat substitute, and can be taken well to twice a week. Yoghurt. From the eighth month; Natural unsweetened, in addition to or mixed with pureed fruit snack.
Refined sugars, honey and other sweets
Not recommended sugar intake, because the baby's diet has an adequate supply of carbohydrates. It is very important not to feed infants honey or corn syrup because these foods have been identified as the only dietary sources of spores of Clostridium botulinum and age, have no immunity to resist the development of these spores that cause botulism.
Water.
As the infant receives only breast milk or formula adapted, usually does not require additional fluids, except in extreme heat or increased losses (fever, diarrhea). By contrast, when complementary foods are introduced by assuming it increased renal solute load (substances dissolved in liquid mineral salts, glucose ...), not enough fluids supplied by milk and other foods, and must give the child water frequently.
Cow's milk.
Never be introduced before the year, and when included in the diet should be whole, for their contribution of fat soluble vitamins and, unless there is medical recommendation otherwise specified.
Growth and development
Some anthropometric parameters serve to guide and understand why nutritional needs at this stage are proportionally so superior to those of the adult.
Weight: During the first year of life triples birth weight.
Size: Spend 45-50 centimeters (cm) at birth to 75-80 cm per year of life, while the second year only adds about 20-25 cm, and 7-10 cm per year after.
Brain: The first four months its volume increases by two grams a day.
Teething usually begins about 6-8 months. If the output is delayed teeth not observed problems and bone growth may be a family genetic trait.
